ABSTRACT
Considering the emergency risks and uncertainties of emergency recycling processes, this research builds a tripartite evolutionary game model of government, logistics enterprises, and environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to study the interaction mechanism. Based on the analysis of evolutionary stable strategy (ESS), this research uses MATLAB R2018b to mainly show the strategy choice trends of logistics enterprises in various scenarios including “Government Failure”, as well as the mutual impacts of government and environmental NGOs’ strategy selection. The research found that (1) the government has an important role in efficiently promoting logistics enterprises’ participation;(2) the net benefits of logistics enterprises and environmental NGOs, as key factors that directly affect the game results, are influenced by emergency risks and uncertainty, respectively;(3) environmental NGOs not only play an effective complementary role to government functions, including in the “Government Failure” context, but can also urge the government to perform regulatory functions. This research enriches the study in the field of the combination of evolutionary game theory and reverse emergency logistics as well as providing a reference for the government in developing economic and administrative policies to optimize the recycling and disposal of emergency relief.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease has caused a global pandemic with substantial morbidity and mortality. Chinese medicine has been extensively employed in the coronavirus-related pandemic in China. We aim to assess the efficacy and safety of Chinese medicine in treatment of coronavirus-related pneumonia with the updated results of relevant clinical trials. METHODS: Six electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP, and SinoMed will be searched to identify randomized controlled trials up to May 2020. Patients diagnosed with coronavirus-related pneumonia including severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and 2019 novel coronavirus disease and administrated with Chinese medicine will be included. The primary outcome is the all cause mortality at the longest follow up available. The second outcomes include the length of stay in hospital and intensive care units, the duration of mechanical ventilation, and adverse events. The pooled effects will be analyzed and reported as risk ratios for dichotomous data using the Mantel-Haenszel method or mean differences for continuous data using the inverse-variance method. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses will be performed to test the robustness of the results and to explore the potential sources of heterogeneities. The Egger test and/or funnel plots will be used for the examination of publication bias. The grades of recommendation assessment, development, and evaluation methodology will be used to summarize the quality of evidence. The trial sequential analysis will be conducted to test whether the meta-analysis has a sufficient sample size after adjustment of the increased type I and II error risks. RESULTS: The evidence to date of Chinese medicine in treatment of coronavirus-related pneumonia will be systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed. CONCLUSION: The relevant studies will be summarized and further evidence will be provided.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020178879.